Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride
FDA Drug Information • Also known as: Moxifloxacin, Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride, Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution, Vigamox
- Brand Names
- Moxifloxacin, Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride, Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution, Vigamox
- Dosage Form
- POWDER
- Product Type
- BULK INGREDIENT
⚠ Boxed Warning (Black Box)
WARNING: SERIOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS INCLUDING TENDINITIS, TENDON RUPTURE, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS and EXACERBATION OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions that have occurred together [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] , including: o Tendinitis and tendon rupture [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] o Peripheral neuropathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] o Central nervous system effects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Discontinue moxifloxacin immediately and avoid the use of fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, in patients who experience any of these serious adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. Avoid moxifloxacin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ]. Because fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with serious adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1-5.14) ] , reserve moxifloxacin for use in patients who have no alternative treatment options for the following indications: o Acute bacterial sinusitis [see Indications and Usage (1.6) ] o Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis [see Indications and Usage (1.7) ] WARNING: SERIOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS INCLUDING TENDINITIS, TENDON RUPTURE, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS and EXACERBATION OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning . Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions that have occurred together ( 5.1 ) including: o Tendinitis and tendon rupture ( 5.2 ) o Peripheral Neuropathy ( 5.3 ) o Central nervous system effects ( 5.4 ) Discontinue moxifloxacin immediately and avoid the use of fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, in patients who experience any of these serious adverse reactions ( 5.1 ) Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. Avoid moxifloxacin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis ( 5.5 ). Because fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with serious adverse reactions ( 5.1 - 5.14 ), reserve moxifloxacin for use in patients who have no alternative treatment options for the following indications: o Acute bacterial sinusitis ( 1.6 ) o Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis ( 1.7 )Description
11 DESCRIPTION Moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection is a synthetic antibacterial agent for intravenous administration. Moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, is available as the monohydrochloride salt of 1-cyclopropyl-7-[(S,S)-2,8-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-8-yl]-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3 quinoline carboxylic acid. It is a light yellow or yellow powder or crystals with a molecular weight of 437.89. Its empirical formula is C 21 H 24 FN 3 O 4 · HCl and its chemical structure is as follows: 11.2 Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride Injection
Moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection for intravenous use is available in ready-to-use single-dose 250 mL flexible bags as a sterile, preservative free, 0.8% sodium chloride aqueous solution of 400 mg moxifloxacin (equivalent to 436.34 mg moxifloxacin hydrochloride, USP) with pH ranging from 4.1 to 4.6. The flexible bag is not made with natural rubber latex. The appearance of the intravenous solution is clear yellow. The color does not affect, nor is it indicative of, product stability. The inactive ingredients are sodium chloride, USP, Water for Injection, USP, and may include hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. Moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection contains approximately 34.2 mEq (787 mg) of sodium in 250 mL. Moxifloxacin hydrochloride chemical structureWhat Is Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Used For?
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Moxifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial indicated for treating infections in adults 18 years of age and older caused by designated susceptible bacteria, in the conditions listed below:
Community Acquired Pneumonia ( 1.1 ) Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Uncomplicated ( 1.2 ) and Complicated ( 1.3 ) Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections ( 1.4 ) Plague ( 1.5 ) Acute Bacterial Sinusitis ( 1.6 ) Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis ( 1.7 ) To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of moxifloxacin and other antibacterial drugs. Moxifloxacin should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. ( 1.8 ) 1.1 Community Acquired Pneumonia Moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia caused by susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae [MDRSP]) , Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Chlamydophila pneumoniae [see Clinical Studies (14.3) ] . MDRSP isolates are isolates resistant to two or more of the following antibacterial drugs: penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC] ≥ 2 mcg/mL), 2 nd generation cephalosporins (for example, cefuroxime), macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. 1.2 Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by susceptible isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes [see Clinical Studies (14.4) ]. 1.3 Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by susceptible isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Enterobacter cloacae [see Clinical Studies (14.5) ]. 1.4 Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections Moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections (cIAI) including polymicrobial infections such as abscess caused by susceptible isolates of Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, or Peptostreptococcus species [see Clinical Studies (14.6) ] . 1.5 Plague Moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of plague, including pneumonic and septicemic plague, due to...Dosage and Administration
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Type of Infection Dose Every 24 hours Duration (days) Community Acquired Pneumonia ( 1.1 ) 400 mg 7-14 Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (SSSI) ( 1.2 ) 400 mg 7 Complicated SSSI ( 1.3 ) 400 mg 7-21 Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections ( 1.4 ) 400 mg 5-14 Plague ( 1.5 ) 400 mg 10-14 Acute Bacterial Sinusitis ( 1.6 ) 400 mg 10 Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis ( 1.7 ) 400 mg 5
No dosage adjustment in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. ( 8.6 , 8.7 ) Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride Injection: Slow intravenous infusion over 60 minutes. Avoid rapid or bolus intravenous injection. ( 2.2 ) Do not mix with other medications in intravenous bag or in an intravenous line. ( 2.3 ) 2.1 Dosage in Adult Patients The dose of moxifloxacin is 400 mg (orally or as an intravenous infusion) once every 24 hours. The duration of therapy depends on the type of infection as described in Table 1. Table 1: Dosage and Duration of Therapy in Adult Patients Type of Infection Due to the designated pathogens [see Indications and Usage (1) ]. Dose Every 24 hours Duration Sequential therapy (intravenous to oral) may be instituted at the discretion of the physician (days) Community Acquired Pneumonia ( 1.1 ) 400 mg 7-14 Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (SSSI) ( 1.2 ) 400 mg 7 Complicated SSSI ( 1.3 ) 400 mg 7-21 Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections ( 1.4 ) 400 mg 5-14 Plague ( 1.5 ) Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to Yersinia pestis . 400 mg 10-14 Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (ABS) ( 1.6 ) 400 mg 10 Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (ABECB) ( 1.7 ) 400 mg 5 Conversion of Intravenous to Oral Dosing in Adults Intravenous formulation is indicated when it offers a route of administration advantageous to the patient (for example, patient cannot tolerate an oral dosage form). When switching from intravenous to oral formulation, no dosage adjustment is necessary. Patients whose therapy is started with moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection may be switched to moxifloxacin tablets when clinically indicated at the discretion of the physician. 2.2 Important Administration Instructions Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride Injection Administer by intravenous infusion only. It is not intended for intra-arterial, intramuscular, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration. Administer by intravenous infusion over a period of 60 minutes by direct infusion or through a Y-type intravenous infusion set which may already be in place. Avoid rapid or bolus intravenous infusion. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Do not administer moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection if particulate matter and/or discoloration is observed. Discard any unused...Side Effects (Adverse Reactions)
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following serious and otherwise important adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in the warnings and precautions section of the label:
Disabling and Potentially Irreversible Serious Adverse Reactions Including Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture, Peripheral Neuropathy, and Central Nervous System Effects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Peripheral Neuropathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Central Nervous System Effects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] QT Prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] Other Serious and Sometimes Fatal Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] Risk of Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ] Clostridioides difficile -Associated Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ] Blood Glucose Disturbances [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12) ] Photosensitivity/Phototoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13) ] Development of Drug Resistant Bacteria [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14) ] Most common reactions (3% or greater) were nausea, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. ( 6 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The data described below reflect exposure to moxifloxacin in 14981 patients in 71 active controlled Phase II-IV clinical trials in different indications [see Indications and Usage (1) ] . The population studied had a mean age of 50 years (approximately 73% of the population was less than 65 years of age), 50% were male, 63% were Caucasian, 12% were Asian and 9% were Black. Patients received moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily oral, intravenous, or sequentially (intravenous followed by oral). Treatment duration was usually 6 to 10 days, and the mean number of days on therapy was 9 days. Discontinuation of moxifloxacin due to adverse reactions occurred in 5% of patients overall, 4% of patients treated with 400 mg PO, 4% with 400 mg intravenous and 8% with sequential therapy 400 mg oral/intravenous. The most common adverse reactions (> 0.3%) leading to discontinuation with the 400 mg oral doses were nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, and vomiting. The most common adverse reaction leading to discontinuation with the 400 mg intravenous dose was rash. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation with the 400 mg intravenous/oral sequential dose were diarrhea, pyrexia. Adverse reactions occurring in 1% of moxifloxacin-treated patients and less common adverse reactions, occurring in 0.1 to 1% of moxifloxacin-treated patients, are shown in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. The most common adverse drug reactions (3%) are nausea, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. Table 2: Common (1% or more) Adverse Reactions Reported in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials with Moxifloxacin System Organ Class Adverse Reactions % (N = 14,981) Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders Anemia 1 Gastrointestinal Disorders Nausea 7 Diarrhea 6 Vomiting 2 Constipation 2 Abdominal pain 2 Dyspepsia 1 General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions Pyrexia 1 Investigations Alanine aminotransferase increased 1 Metabolism and Nutritional Disorder Hypokalemia 1 Nervous System Disorders Headache 4 Dizziness 3 Psychiatric Disorders Insomnia 2 Table 3: Less Common (0.1 to less than 1%) Adverse Reactions Reported in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials with Moxifloxacin (N = 14,981) System Organ Class Adverse Reactions Blood...Drug Interactions
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Interacting Drug Interaction Multivalent cation-containing products including: antacids, sucralfate, multivitamins Decreased moxifloxacin absorption. Take moxifloxacin tablet at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after these products. ( 7.1 , 12.3 ) Warfarin Anticoagulant effect enhanced. Monitor prothrombin time/INR, and bleeding. ( 6 , 7.2 , 12.3 ) Class IA and Class III antiarrhythmics: Proarrhythmic effect may be enhanced. Avoid concomitant use. ( 5.6 , 7.5 ) Antidiabetic agents Carefully monitor blood glucose. (5.12 , 7.3 ) 7.1 Antacids, Sucralfate, Multivitamins and Other Products Containing Multivalent Cations Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, form chelates with alkaline earth and transition metal cations. Oral administration of moxifloxacin with antacids containing aluminum or magnesium, with sucralfate, with metal cations such as iron, or with multivitamins containing iron or zinc, or with formulations containing divalent and trivalent cations such as didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the pediatric powder for oral solution, may substantially interfere with the absorption of moxifloxacin, resulting in systemic concentrations considerably lower than desired. Therefore, moxifloxacin should be taken at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after these agents [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . 7.2 Warfarin Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been reported to enhance the anticoagulant effects of warfarin or its derivatives in the patient population. In addition, infectious disease and its accompanying inflammatory process, age, and general status of the patient are risk factors for increased anticoagulant activity. Therefore the prothrombin time, International Normalized Ratio (INR), or other suitable anticoagulation tests should be closely monitored if moxifloxacin is administered concomitantly with warfarin or its derivatives [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . 7.3 Antidiabetic Agents Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, and an antidiabetic agent. Therefore, careful monitoring of blood glucose is recommended when these agents are co-administered. If a hypoglycemic reaction occurs, moxifloxacin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be initiated immediately [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12) and Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] . 7.4 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs The concomitant administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a fluoroquinolone, including moxifloxacin, may increase the risks of CNS stimulation and convulsions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ]. 7.5 Drugs that Prolong QT There is limited information available on the potential for a pharmacodynamic interaction in humans between moxifloxacin and other drugs that prolong the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram. Sotalol, a...
Contraindications
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Moxifloxacin is contraindicated in persons with a history of hypersensitivity to moxifloxacin or any member of the quinolone class of antibacterials [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] . Known hypersensitivity to moxifloxacin or other quinolones ( 4 , 5.8 )
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary There are no available human data establishing a drug associated risk with the use of moxifloxacin. Based on animal studies with moxifloxacin, moxifloxacin may cause fetal harm. Moxifloxacin did not cause fetal malformations when administered to pregnant rats (IV and oral), rabbits (IV), and monkeys (oral) at exposures that were 0.24-2.5 times of those at the human clinical dose (400 mg/day moxifloxacin). However, when moxifloxacin was administered to rats and rabbits during pregnancy and throughout lactation (rats only) at doses associated with maternal toxicity, decreased neonatal body weights, increased incidence of skeletal variations (rib and vertebra combined), and increased fetal loss were observed (see Data). Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to the fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Data Animal Data Animal reproductive and development studies were done in rats, rabbits and cynomolgus macaques. Moxifloxacin did not cause fetal malformations when administered to pregnant rats during organogenesis (gestation days 6 to 17) at oral doses as high as 500 mg/kg/day or 0.24 times the maximum recommended human dose based on systemic exposure (AUC), but decreased fetal body weights and slightly delayed fetal skeletal development were observed. Intravenous administration of 80 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area) to pregnant rats resulted in maternal toxicity and a marginal effect on fetal and placental weights and the appearance of the placenta (Gestation days 6 to 17). Fetal malformations were not observed at intravenous doses as...
Overdosage
10 OVERDOSAGE Single oral overdoses up to 2.8 g were not associated with any serious adverse events. In the event of acute overdose, empty the stomach and maintain adequate hydration. Monitor ECG due to the possibility of QT interval prolongation. Carefully observe the patient and give supportive treatment. The administration of activated charcoal as soon as possible after oral overdose may prevent excessive increase of systemic moxifloxacin exposure. About 3% and 9% of the dose of moxifloxacin, as well as about 2% and 4.5% of its glucuronide metabolite are removed by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis, respectively.
How Supplied
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.2 Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride Injection – Premix Bags Moxifloxacin hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection is available in ready-to-use 250 mL single-dose flexible bags containing moxifloxacin hydrochloride, USP (equivalent to 400 mg of moxifloxacin) in 0.8% sodium chloride aqueous solution. The flexible bag is not made with natural rubber latex. No further dilution of this preparation is necessary. Discard unused portion. Package NDC Code 250 mL flexible container 67457-323-25 Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15ºC to 30°C (59ºF to 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Do not refrigerate – product precipitates upon refrigeration.
About This Information
This drug information is sourced from FDA-approved labeling via the openFDA database. It is intended for educational and reference purposes only. This is not medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider before making decisions about medication. Drug information may be updated by the FDA; check with your pharmacist for the most current information.
What are side effects?
Side effects are unwanted reactions that can occur when taking a medication. They range from mild (headache, nausea) to severe (allergic reactions, organ damage). Not everyone experiences side effects, and severity varies. Report any concerning side effects to your doctor.
What are drug interactions?
Drug interactions occur when a medication is affected by another drug, food, or supplement. Interactions can make medications less effective or cause dangerous side effects. Always tell your doctor about all medications and supplements you take.